TOPIC 1 – The French Revolution, 1789

A-    France and Europe in 1789

--absolute monarchy

--divine right theory

--class structure

**Define each part.  Show its effect on Europe of that time.

B-     Revolution

1-     Changes brought on by the ENLIGHTENMENT.

a-     Philosophers: John Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau

                                 **  Show how their ideas helped promote revolution.

2-     King Louis XVI – Show his problems in ruling France at this time.

3-     Estates-General – List its composition: show its unfairness to the majority of the French people.

4-     National Assembly – List its origin.  Show its achievements.

5-     National Convention – List its origin.  Show its achievements and its problems (Reign of Terror).

6-      The Directory – List its membership.  Show its limitations.

7-     Consuls – List its origin.  Show how Napoleon Bonaparte used his position to become the ultimate ruler of France.

8-      Emperor of the French

a-     Napoleonic Code – explain each part of the code.

b-     Continental System – List its purpose. Why did it fail?

c-     Confederation of the Rhine – List its purpose.  Show its benefit for Germans.

d-     Scorched-Earth Policy  of Russia – Purpose. Effect on Napoleon.

                                 **  Explain each point.  List the good and the bad of each point.

TOPIC 2 – The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815.

A-    Prince Metternich – list his role at the meeting.  Discuss his views on politics.

B-     Other European rulers/leaders at the Congress.

C-    Aims of the leaders at the Congress.

D-    Concert of Europe – Quadruple Alliance, Quintuple Alliance.

1-     Show how France, through Talleyrand, got back into power in Europe.

2-     Show how the group would promote its aims.

3-     Show Britain’s role in each of these points.

E-     Monroe Doctrine, 1823

1-     Purpose. Results.  How was it related to the Concert of Europe?

2-     How effective was it?

F-     Obstacle to Aristocracy

1-     Industrialization. Urbanization.  Population Boom.

** Show how each of the above blocked the Concert of Europe from achieving its aims.

G-    Challenges to Aristocracy

     1- Liberalism.  Nationalism.

     **Define each term.  Show examples of each.  Why was the Aristocracy not successful?

TOPIC 3 – THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

A-    Define the phrase, Industrial Revolution.

** List its effects on Europe and the United States.

B-     Domestic System to Factory System of production.

** Explain each of these systems.

C-    Why did Britain take the lead in industrialization while France seemed to reject it?  What problems did France have?

D-     Capitalism v. Communism

** Explain in detail each of these economic systems.  Show the leaders of each movement.  Show the backers of each leader.  Be able to compare these systems.

TOPIC 4 – RUSSIA in the 1800s

A-    Russian society

1-     Nobles, Serfs, Middle class – Show the position of each group in Russian society.

** Why was the Middle Class so less effective than that of similar groups in Western Europe?

2-     Orthodox Church – Compare with the Roman Catholic Church.  Show its place in Russian society.

3-     Nationalities:125. Great Russians

4- Show the influence of the Great Russians in Russian society.

B-     Russian government

          1- Autocracy. Tsar/Czar. Romanov Family.  Third Section.

          ** Show the part each played in Russian society.

C-    2 Tsars:  Nicholas I, Alexander I.  Show the reforms each imposed on Russian society.

D-    Political movements: Nihilists.  Narodniks.  Show the policy of each group.  Show the development of the Narodniks down to the Communists.

TOPIC 5 – WESTERN EUROPE: 1848 Revolutions

A-    France

1-     Show how the clash of liberals, workers, former royalists kept life unstable in France in 1848.

2-     Liberals revolt against King Louis Philippe.  They oust him.

3-     Liberals and Socialists fight, and compete, for power.

** Results – then the 2^nd Republic

4-     Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, III

a-     Why French people elected him leader?

b-     Plebiscite - Define.  Purpose.

c-     Relations with the Roman Catholic Church.

d-     Foreign Policy.

1.      Mexico – Maximilian – Why

2.      Crimean War – looking for influence

3.       Federation of Europe – early United Nations idea.

4.      Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871.  Germany’s purpose in the war.

** French loss leads to end of Emperor Louis Napoleon Bonaparte.

B-     Britain

1-     Peaceful change.  Compare with France in regard to change.  Why the difference?

2-     Compare the 2 major political parties: Tory v. Whig

3-     Gladstone v Disraeli – Show the influence of each person in Britain’s history at this period of time.  Show their relationship with Queen Victoria also.

4-     The working class

**  Their desires, their methods of achieving their desires, their rejection  of Communism

5-     Socialist (Labor) Party – discuss its position in the workers’ lives at this time.

6-     Reform Bills – contents.  What did all these laws show was happening in Britain?

C-    Austro-Hungarian Empire

1-     Hapsburg Monarchy

** Give a brief biography of the monarchs at this period of time.

2-     Emperor Ferdinand

** Show his problems and policies in being an effective leader.

3-     The Empire

** Problem of the many nationalities and the Emperor’s methods of managing that problem.

4-     Problems of the nation/empire.

5-     Results of the problem of the nation/empire.

6-     Effects of that problem.

TOPIC 6 – UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: 1840 to 1900

A - 1840 – Identify  several German nations.

**List the relationship of Prussia and Austria to the Germanys.

B - Points which divided the German nations.

C-    Points which united the German nations.

D-     Identify: William I, Otto von Bismarck

E-     Wars to unite 39 to 1 nation

** Schleswig-Holstein, Austro-Prussian, Franco-Prussian Wars

1-     Show Bismarck’s reasons for the wars.

2-     Show the stated purpose for each war.

3-     Show the outcome of each war.

F-     1871 – Identify: Reich, Kaiser, Chancellor, Confederal Government.

G-    Social Welfare

** List Bismarck’s reasons for the program.  List its contents.

H-    Kulturkampf

** Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church in German.  Why did he do it?  How did the problem eventually get settled?

I-      Wilhelm II – Identify.  Discuss the effect of his rule on Germany and Germany’s neighbors.

TOPIC 7 – UNIFICATION OF ITALY: 1840 to 1900

A- 1840s – list the 7 Italian nations.

B-     1848 – What brought the nations together, though temporarily?

               1-Show the part France and Austria played in Italy’s history at this time.

               2-Show the part the Pope (Pius IX) played at time and why he played that role.

C-    Personalities involved in unification: Victor Emmanuel II, Camillo Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Pope Pius IX, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, Austrian leaders

D-    Liabilities of the new nation.

1        What held Italy from becoming a truly unified country?

2        Problems between North and South of Italy.  Show how this blocked true unification.

E-     Developments in Italy: 1870 to 1900:

1        Efforts to build an empire in Africa.

2        Migration of Italians to America.

TOPIC 8 – BRITAIN + FRANCE: 1860 to 1900

    A- BRITAIN:
         1- Liberals + Conservatives – Show the advances /improvements each made for their nation.

         2- Labor Party

a-     Purpose and program

b-     The positive effect of the Labor Party on Liberals and Conservatives.

         3- House of Lords

a-     Problem / Solution / present-day status of this body

          4-Ireland:

a-     Union of 1801 – contents, effects on the Irish people

b-     Daniel O’Connell –discuss his part in Irish history of this era

c-     Potato Famine of 1840s – influence on migration, British treatment of the Irish.

d-     Fenian Brotherhood –purpose

e-     Irish Questions – contents, solutions

f-      Easter Rebellion, 1916 – problem, position of Germany in the problem, results

g-     Civil War, 1921-1927 – Show the Republic v. Free Staters ideas.

h-     Irish Free State – people involved.  Relationship between Ireland and Britain.

B- FRANCE:

1-     Conflict: Communists v. Republican v. Monarchists

2-     Boulanger Affair, 1880s – problem, people involved, results

3-     Dreyfus Affair, 1894 – problem, people involved, results

a-     Zionism – define, people involved, why, goal

4-     Anticlericalism – define.  Why did it exist?

5-     French economy – show how the French economy was different (and why) from the British.

6-     Socialism – how effective was it in France at this time?  Why?

C- Compare France and Britain during this time period.

TOPIC 9 – IMPERIALISM: 1880 to 1960

A-    Define the term.  List the contents and effects on Europe and its colonies.

B-     Berlin Conference, 1885 – Purpose. Effect.  Problems presented for Germany resulting from this meeting.

C-    Kinds of Colonies: Colony, sphere of influence, protectorate.

D-    Systems of control: Assimilation. Paternalism.

--- Define each term.  See the difference between the two.

TOPIC 10 – IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA: 1880 to 1960

A-    Conquerors of Africa: Livingstone, Henry Stanley, Missionaries.  Show the effect of each on the African continent.

B-     Economic control: Why?  How?  Show the different types of control Europe imposed on Africa and why it was done that way.

C-    Methods of education: Economic plans of European masters influenced the type of education provided for African people.

D-    Boer War, 1899-1902:  Participants, causes, results.

E-     African part in Europe’s world wars 1 and 2.

F-     African’s independence struggles

1-     Peaceful in some areas; violent in some areas.  Why the difference?  What happened in each area after independence? Why did that happen?

2-     Names involved in independence movements

G-    Economic challenges for African nations since freedom.

1-     neglect farming; desertification; rapid industrial growth

2-     poor leadership.

H-    Political trends in Africa since 1960s:

1-     1-party political systems.

2-     Coups d’etat.

3-     Ethnic fighting.

*** Show the negative effect each has had on African development.

I-      International relations for Africa:

1-     Largest bloc in United Nations.

2-     Organization of African Unity.

3-     African Union.  

J-      The Family – show the effect of revolution, imperialism,                     

                        Industrialization, poor political leadership, AIDS on

                        the lives of the people of Africa.

TOPIC 11 – IMPERIALISM IN NORTH AFRICA + MIDDLE EAST

A-    Reasons for the importance of Middle East in history.

B-     Importance of Islam in the story of the Middle East.

C-    The position (effect) of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East.

D-    Reasons for loss of Middle East’s importance in history.

E-     The Middle East in World Wars I and II.

F-     Middle East since 1945:

1-     Israel – why it exists.  Zionism. 

2-     Egypt – importance it plays in Middle East.

3-     Palestinian Authority – Arafat and problems this nation has.

4-     Arabs v. Israelis – why the hatred.

5-     Palestinian Arabs – why the problems.

6-     Libya – leader; part in terrorism in world.

7-     Iran – leaders; Islamic nation. Fundamental Islam.

               Relationship with USA: Shah Mohammed Reza

               Pahlevi, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeni, President

               Carter.

8-     Pan Arabism – what is it?  Why isn’t it effective?

9-     OPEC – what is it?  Is it effective?   

10-  Arabs relationship with the United States of America.

11-  US and Iraq – Gulf War, 1991. Iraq War, 2003.

TOPIC 12 – IMPERIALISM IN INDIA

A-    India and Britain

1-     Gradual enlargement of Britain’s rule over Indians.

2-     Effects of British rule –positive and negative- on Indians.

3-     Social and economic effects of British rule.

4-     Mohandas Gandhi.

a-     Methods to bring freedom to India.  How different from the US revolution.

b-     Different events/ happenings which led to freedom.

c-     Why did Indian split into Indian and Pakistan?

5-     India after 1947:

a-     Nehru Family

b-     J Nehru – goals for India.  How successful was he?  Relationship to USA.  Why so poor?

c-     Huge population growth.

d-     Problems with Hindu efforts to impose a Hinduization on the people –Hindu and Non-Hindu.

e-     Hinduism – main ideas of the religion.

f-      Caste System – its effect today in India.

TOPIC 13 – IMPERIALISM IN CHINA – 1840 to the Present

     A- 1644 to 1911 – Manchus.  How did they lose power?        

1-     Taiping Rebellion. Opium War, Sino-Japanese War, Open Door 

Policy, Boxer Rebellion.

B-     1911 – Empire to Republic – Why.  People involved.  “Three Principles of the People.”  - contents

C-    1911 – 1928 – War Lords – effect on China’s development

D-    1928 – 1949 – Chiang Kai-shek – why not successful

E-     1941 – 1945 – Japanese efforts to rule

F-     1945 – 1949 – Chinese Civil War: Guomindang v. Communists

1-     Mao Zedong – his ideas.  His effect on China

G-    1949 – 1978  - Mao rules – the effect on China.

H-    1978 – Present – Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao –how were/are they different from Mao’s rule.

1 - Relationship with United States.

2 – Efforts to modernize, industrialize. Efforts of Communists to maintain control.

2-     Hong Kong. Taiwan.

TOPIC 14 – JAPAN: 1850 to 1935

A-    Early beginnings of the nation.

B-     Chinese influence on Japan.

C-    Effects of geography on nation.

D-    Mutsuhito as Emperor.

1-     How he gave Japan a freedom from imperialism.

2-     Zaibatsu – in Japan’s economic development.

E-     Japan’s efforts at imperialism:

1-     Sino-Japanese War

2-     Russo-Japanese War

F-      Relations between Japan and United States

G-    Relations between Japan and China –all Asian nations.

H-    Japan and USA in World War II.

**  Why did the USA use the atom bomb?  US efforts to help Japan rebuild after the war.  US economic warfare with Japan since 1970s.  How did this happen?  Present situation in this problem.

TOPIC 15 – RUSSIA: 1860 – 1918

A-    Repression of the people.

B-     Revolutionary ferment: why.

C-    The Tsars.  The Romanov Family.

D-    Problems which led Russia into World War I.

E-     Effect of the Russian Orthodox Church in Russian society.

F-     Rasputin’s effect on the tsar and his wife.

G-    Events: Bloody Sunday, October Manifesto, 1905,

H-    The effort of the Tsar to impose Russian control in the Balkan peninsula and how this contributed to World War I.

TOPIC 16 – WORLD WAR I: 1914 – 1918

A-    “World War”

B-     Sides to the war.

C-    Land war:  Schlieffen Plan

D-    Sea war:  Submarine and its negative effect on Germany

E-     USA – why neutral at first.  Gradual involvement in the war.

F-     End of the Kaiser – why?

G-    Treaty of Versailles, 1919 – treaty of vengeance – Wwhy.  Contents. Effects.

H-    “14 Points” of President Wilson – why not influential.

TOPIC 17 – EUROPE in the 1920s

A-    Attempts at peace.

B-     League of Nations – why not successful.

C-    New nations in Europe from the old empires;  redrawing the boundaries of European nations.

D-    Describe conditions in European nations in the 1920s.  Compare to USA in 1920s. 

     Why the difference?

TOPIC 18 – 1930s

A-    Totalitarianism v. Democracy

1-     Nazism/Fascism – define this philosophy.

2-     Communism – define this philosophy.

3-     Democracy – why were Europeans ready to give up this idea.

4-     Compare Nazism/Fascism to Communism – How different?  How similar?

B-     Germany and Italy during the 1930s.

C-    Europe’s reaction to these changes: appeasement until Poland was attacked.

D-    Japan – friendship to Germany; seeing USA as problem to Japan’s control in Asia.

E-     Spain – Civil War: 1936-1939.  Sides. Causes.  Effects.

1-     Francisco Franco –his rule after the Civil War.  His rule during World War II.

2-     Juan Carlos – 1975 to present – great change brought into Spain.

TOPIC 19 – WORLD WAR II:  1939 to 1945

A-    2 groups of nations in Europe.

B-     Blitzkrieg – German plan for victory

1-     Why did Hitler fail?

C-    Hitler and the Jewish people –why ?  how? 

D-    Europe’s efforts to defeat Hitler.  USA helps to defeat him.

1-     FDR and Churchill work together for the defeat of Hitler and for the ending of problems leading to warfare in Europe. (Atlantic Charter)

2-     Russia’s tremendous suffering in World War II.

a-     Josef Stalin as Russian leader.

b-     Compare Hitler to Stalin

E-     Defeat of Japan.

1-     why the atom bomb?

2-     US efforts to help rebuild Japan after the war.

TOPIC 20 – 1950s to the Present

A-     United Nations –  Purposes.  Efforts  of Britain and USA to plan for a peaceful end to Europe’s problems after World War II.  USA: Marshall Plan, NATO.

B-     The Cold War –1945 to 1989.

1-     US v USSR during this period

2-     Efforts of each to win nations to their sides.

C-     European Common Market, 1957 – Jean Monnet

1-     Why

2-     Problems in drawing the nations  together.

3-     Common market today –successful?

D-     Vietnam War

E-     Europe v USA for leadership of “free world nations.”

F-     Russia  v China for leadership of “world communism.”

G-     Berlin War –1961, its construction; 1989, its destruction

H-     Competition of USA and USSR in Africa, Asia, Middle East.

I-       Peaceful coexistence, détente –how each led to ending problems between USA and USSR.

J-      Competition between USA and  Japan since 1970s

** Balance of Trade deficits.

K-     Terrorism – define;  why does it exist.

1-     September 11, 2001 – USA is attacked.

2-     US efforts to control this problem: Afghanistan, Iraq

      K- Balkan Peninsula – Yugoslavia dissolves and Europe does nothing.

L-     Global economy –How the world’s nations are influenced by each other.

M-   Environmental Issues

N-    OIL.  How it influences nations today.

O-    Population changes – Europe is changing from a Christian area to a Christian-Moslem region.  Europe’s population is declining  Europe’s reaction to the situation.

CONCLUSION – In each topic an effort will be made to discuss the problem and to see its present-day significance.